Verses 1-30
Chapter 22
22:1-10 "Men, brethren
and fathers, listen to the defence which I now make to you." When they
heard that he was addressing them in the Hebrew language, they gave him
still more quietness. So he said, "I am a Jew; I was born in Tarsus; I
was brought up in this city; I was thoroughly trained at the feet of
Gamaliel in the Law of our fathers; I was zealous for God, just as you
all are today. I persecuted this Way to death, fettering both men and
women and delivering them to prison, as the high priest and the body of
the elders bear me witness. I received letters from them and I went to
the brethren at Damascus. to bring those who were there in chains to
Jerusalem that they might be punished. As I was on my way, when I was
coming near Damascus, about midday, suddenly it happened to me that a
great light from heaven shone around me. I fell to the ground and I
heard a voice saying to me, 'Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me?' I
answered, 'Who are you, sir?' And the voice said to me, 'I am Jesus of
Nazareth whom you are persecuting.' Those who were with me saw the light
but they did not hear the voice of the person who was speaking to me. I
said, 'What am I to do, Lord?' The Lord said to me, 'Stand up and go to
Damascus, and there you will be told about all the things that have
been assigned to you to do."'
Paul's defence to the mob who are out for his blood is not to
argue but to relate a personal experience; and a personal experience is
the most unanswerable argument on earth. This defence is in essence a
paradox. It stresses two things.
(i) It stresses Paul's identity with the people to whom he is speaking. He was a Jew and that he never forgot (compare 2 Corinthians 11:22; Philippians 3:4-5).
He was a man of Tarsus and Tarsus was no mean city. It was one of the
great ports of the Mediterranean, standing at the mouth of the River
Cydnus and being the terminus of a road which came all across Asia Minor
from the far-off Euphrates. It was one of the greatest university
cities of the ancient world. He was a rabbi, trained at the feet of
Gamaliel who had been "the glory of the Law," and who had died only
about five years before. He had been a persecutor in his zeal for the
ancestral ways. On all these points Paul was entirely at one with the
audience to which he was speaking.
(ii) It stresses the difference between Paul and his audience.
The root difference was that he saw Christ as the Saviour of all men and
God as the lover of all men. His audience saw God as the lover only of
the Jews. They sought to hug the privileges of God to themselves and
regarded the man who would spread them abroad as a blasphemer. The
difference was that Paul had met Christ face to face.
In one sense Paul was identified with the men to whom he spoke;
in another he was separated from them. It is like that with the
Christian. He lives in the world but God has separated him and
consecrated him to a special task.
22:11-21 "Because I
was not able to see because of the glory of that light, I came into
Damascus led by the hand by those who were with me. And Ananias, a pious
man as regards the Law, a man to whose character all the Jews who live
there bear witness, came to me and stood beside me and said, 'Brother
Saul, receive your sight again'; and I, in that same hour. recovered my
sight, and looked up at him. He said, 'The God of our fathers has chosen
you to know his will. to see the Just One and to hear the voice of his
mouth, because you will be a witness for him to all men of the things
you have seen and heard. And now why do you wait? Rise; be baptized; and
wash away your sins, calling upon his name.' When I had returned to
Jerusalem, and when I was praying in the Temple, it so happened that I
was in a trance and I heard him saying to me, 'Hurry; depart speedily
from Jerusalem because they will not receive your testimony about me.'
And I said, 'Lord, they know that it was I who, throughout the
synagogues, used to throw into prison and scourge those who believe in
you; and when the blood of Stephen, your witness, was shed, I too was
standing by and I was agreeing to it all; and I was guarding the clothes
of those who were killing him.' And he said to me, 'Get on your way for
I will send you far off to the Gentiles.'"
Once again Paul is stressing, to begin with, his identity with
his audience. When he reached Damascus, the man who instructed him was
Ananias, a devotee of the Law whom the Jews knew to be a good man. Paul
is stressing the fact that he had not come to destroy the ancestral
faith but to fulfil it. Here we have one of Luke's telescoped
narratives. When we read along with this Acts 9:1-43 and Galatians 1:1-24
, we find that it was really three years afterwards that Paul went up
to Jerusalem, after his visit to Arabia and his witnessing in Damascus.
In Acts 9:1-43
we were told that he left Jerusalem because he was in danger of his
life from the enraged Jews; here we are told he left because of a
vision. There is no real contradiction; it is the same story told from
different points of view. The point Paul makes is that he did not want
to leave the Jews. When God told him to do so, Paul argued. He said that
his previous record would be bound to make his change all the more
impressive to the Jews; but God said that the Jews would never listen to
him and to the Gentiles he must go.
There is a certain wistfulness here. As with his Master, Paul's own would not receive him (John 1:11). He is literally saying, "I had a priceless gift for you but you would not take it; so it was offered to the Gentiles."
Acts 22:14
is a summary not only of the life of Paul but also of the Christian
life. There are three items in it. (i) To know the will of God. It is
the first aim of the Christian to know God's will and to obey it. (ii)
To see the Just One. It is the aim of the Christian daily to walk in the
presence of the Risen Lord. (iii) To hear God's voice. It was said of a
great preacher that in his preaching he paused ever and again as if
listening for a voice. The Christian is ever listening for the voice of
God above the voices of the world to tell him where to go and what to
do.
22:22-30 Up to this
statement they listened to him, and then they cried, "Destroy such a
fellow from the earth, for it is not proper for him to live." While they
were shouting and waving their garments and throwing dust into the air,
the commander ordered him to be brought into the barracks. He ordered
him to be examined by scourging to find out why they shouted like this
against him. And when they had tied him up with the thongs, Paul said to
the centurion who was standing by, "Is it right for you to scourge a
man who is a Roman citizen and uncondemned?" When the centurion heard
this he went to the commander and reported it. He said, "What are you
going to do? This man is a Roman citizen." The commander came to him and
said, "Are you a Roman citizen?" He said, "Yes." The commander answered
"I obtained this citizenship at a great price." But Paul said, "I was
born a citizen," So at once the men who had been about to examine him
stood away from him; and the commander was afraid when he realized that
he was a Roman citizen and that he had fettered him. On the next day,
wishing to know the truth about the accusation made by the Jews, he
released him and ordered the chief priests and the whole Sanhedrin to
assemble; and he brought Paul down and set him before them.
It was the mention of Gentiles which set the mob ablaze again.
It was not that the Jews objected to the preaching to the Gentiles; what
they objected to was that the Gentiles were being offered privileges
before they first accepted circumcision and the Law. If Paul had
preached the yoke of Judaism to the Gentiles all would have been well;
it was because he preached the grace of Christianity to them that the
Jews were enraged. They took the common way of showing their
disapproval; they shouted and waved their garments and threw dust in the
air, in the fashion of the east.
The commander did not understand Aramaic and did not know what
Paul had said; but one thing he did understand--he must not allow a riot
and must deal at once with any man likely to cause a riot. So he
determined to examine Paul under scourging. This was not a punishment;
it was simply the most effective way of extracting either the truth or a
confession. The scourge was a leather whip studded at intervals with
sharp pieces of bone and lead. Few men survived it in their right senses
and many died under it.
Then Paul spoke. Cicero had said, "It is a misdeed for a Roman
citizen to be bound; it is a crime for him to be beaten; it is almost as
bad as to murder a father to kill him." So Paul stated that he was a
citizen. The commander was terrified. Not only was Paul a citizen; he
was born free, whereas the commander had had to purchase his freedom.
The commander knew that he had been on the verge of doing something
which would have involved certainly his dismissal and not improbably his
execution. So he loosed Paul and determined to confront him with the
Sanhedrin in order to get to the bottom of this trouble.
There were times when Paul was ready to stand on his dignity;
but it was never for his own sake. He knew his task was not yet done;
gladly he would one day die for Christ but he was too wise a man to
throw his life away just yet.
-Barclay's Daily Study Bible (NT)